a06b-6058-h222
为了保证系统的安全性,使用了复杂的通信规约和检错技术。所谓通信规约就是一组规则,用以保证所传输的数据接收与发送。
目前在dcs和plc系统中一般使用两类通信手段,即同步的和异步的,同步通信依靠一个时钟信号来调节数据的传输和接收,异步网络采用没有时钟的报告系统。
2.1.2 fcs
fcs具有
(1)很好的开放性、互操作性和互换性。
(2)全数字通信。
(3)智能化与功能自治性。
(4)高度分散性。
(5)很强的适用性。
fcs的关键要点有三点:
1.fcs系统的核心是总线协议,即总线标准。
采用双绞线、光缆或无线电方式传输数字信号,减少大量导线,提高了可靠性和抗干扰能力。fcs从传感器、变送器到调节器一直是数字信号,这就使我们很容易地处理更复杂、更精确的信号,同时数字通信的差错功能可检出传输中的误码。
fcs可以将pid控制彻底分散到现场设备(field device)中。基于现场总线的fcs又是全分散、全数字化、全开放和可互操作的新一代生产过程自动化系统,它将取代现场一对一的4~20ma模拟信号线,给传统的工业自动化控制系统体系结构带来革命性的变化。
根据iec61158的定义,现场总线是安装在制造或过程区域的现场装置与控制室内的自动控制装置之间的数字式、双向传输、多分支结构的通信网络。现场总线使测控设备具备了数字计算和数字通信能力,提高了信号的测量、传输和控制精度,提高了系统与设备的功能、性能。iec/tc65的sc65c/wg6工作组于1984年开始致力于推出世界上单一的现场总线标准工作,走过了16年的艰难历程,于1993年推出了iec61158-2,之后的标准制定就陷于混乱。2000年初公布的iec61158现场总线国际标准子集有八种,分别为:
①类型1 iec技术报告(ffh1);②类型2 control-net(美国rockwell公司支持);③类型3 profibus(德国siemens公司支持);④类型4 p-net(丹麦process data公司支持);⑤类型5 ffhse(原ffh2)高速以太网(美国fisher rosemount公司支持);⑥类型6 swift-net(美国波音公司支持);⑦类型7 worldfip(法国alsto公司支持);⑧类型8 interbus(美国phoenix contact公司支持)。
除了iec61158的8种现场总线外,iec tc17b通过了三种总线标准:sds(smart distributed system);asi(actuator sensor interface);device net。另外,iso公布了iso 11898 can标准。其中device net于2002年10月8日被中国批准为国家标准,并于2003年4月1日开始实施。
所以,要实现这些总线类型的相互兼容和互操作,就目前状态而言,几乎是不可能的。开放的现场总线控制系统的互操作性,就一个特定类型的现场总线而言,只要遵循同一类型现场总线的总线协议,对其产品是开放的,并具有互操作性。换句话说,不论什么厂家的产品,只要遵循同一类型总线的总线协议,产品之间是开放的,并具有互操作性,就可以组成总线网络。
另外,fcs还可以通过网关和企业的上级管理网络相连,以便管理者掌握第一手资料,为决策提供依据。所以现场总线具有开放性、互操作性、系统结构的高度分散性、灵活的网络拓扑结构、现场设备的高度智能化、对环境的高度适应性等诸多突出特点。
2.fcs系统的基础是数字智能现场装置
控制功能下放到现场仪表中,控制室内仪表装置主要完成数据处理、监督控制、优化控制、协调控制和管理自动化等功能。
数字智能现场装置是fcs系统的硬件支撑,是基础;道理很简单,fcs系统执行的是自动控制装置与现场装置之间的双向数字通信现场总线信号制。现场装置必须遵循统一的总线协议,即相关的通讯规约,具备数字通信功能,能实现双向数字通。再一点,现场总线的一大特点就是要增加现场一级控制功能。
3.fcs系统的本质是信息处理现场化
对于一个控制系统,无论是采用dcs还是采用现场总线,系统需要处理的信息量至少是一样多的。实际上,采用现场总线后,可以从现场得到更多的信息。现场总线系统的信息量没有减少,甚至增加了,而传输信息的线缆却大大减少了。这就要求一方面要大大提高线缆传输信息的能力,另一方面要让大量信息在现场就地完成处理,减少现场与控制机房之间的信息往返。可以说现场总线的本质就是信息处理的现场化。
由现场智能仪表完成数据采集、数据处理、控制运算和数据输出等功能。现场仪表的数据(包括采集的数据和诊断数据)通过现场总线传送到控制室的控制设备上,控制室的控制设备用来监视各个现场仪表的运行状态,保存智能仪表上传的数据,同时完成少量现场仪表无法完成的高级控制功能。
2.2 典型系统比较
通过使用现场总线,用户可以大量减少现场接线,用单个现场仪表可实现多变量通信,不同制造厂生产的装置间可以完全互操作,增加现场一级的控制功能,系统集成大大简化,并且维护十分简便。
传统的过程控制仪表系统每个现场装置到控制室都需使用一对专用的电缆或双绞线,以传送4ma~20ma信号。现场总线系统中,每个现场装置到接线盒的双绞线仍然可以使用,但是从现场接线盒到中央控制室仅用一根双绞线完成数字通信。
通过采用现场总线控制系统,到底能节省多少电缆,编者就不作详细的计算。
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