a02b-0207-c057特点介绍
dcs是分散控制系统(distributed control system)的简称，国内一般习惯称为集散控制系统。它是一个由过程控制级和过程监控级组成的以通信网络为纽带的多级计算机系统，综合了计算机(computer)、通讯(communication)、显示(crt)和控制(control)等4c技术，其基本思想是分散控制、集中操作、分级管理、配置灵活、组态方便，dcs特点如下。
高可靠性
由于dcs将系统控制功能分散在各台计算机上实现，系统结构采用容错设计，因此某一台计算机出现的故障不会导致系统其它功能的丧失。此外，由于系统中各台计算机所承担的任务比较单一，可以针对需要实现的功能采用具有特定结构和软件的专用计算机，从而使系统中每台计算机的可靠性也得到提高。
开放性
dcs采用开放式、标准化、模块化和系列化设计，系统中各台计算机采用局域网方式通信，实现信息传输，当需要改变或扩充系统功能时，可将新增计算机方便地连入系统通信网络或从网络中卸下，几乎不影响系统其他计算机的工作。
灵活性
通过组态软件根据不同的流程应用对象进行软硬件组态，即确定测量与控制信号及相互间连接关系、从控制算法库选择适用的控制规律以及从图形库调用基本图形组成所需的各种监控和报警画面，从而方便地构成所需的控制系统。
易于维护
功能单一的小型或微型专用计算机，具有维护简单、方便的特点，当某一局部或某个计算机出现故障时，可以在不影响整个系统运行的情况下在线更换，迅速排除故障。
协调性
各工作站之间通过通信网络传送各种数据，整个系统信息共享，协调工作，以完成控制系统的总体功能和优化处理。
控制功能齐全
控制算法丰富，集连续控制、顺序控制和批处理控制于一体，可实现串级、前馈、解耦、自适应和预测控制等先进控制，并可方便地加入所需的特殊控制算法。dcs的构成方式十分灵活，可由专用的管理计算机站、操作员站、工程师站、记录站、现场控制站和数据采集站等组成，也可由通用的服务器、工业控制计算机和可编程控制器构成。处于底层的过程控制级一般由分散的现场控制站、数据采集站等就地实现数据采集和控制，并通过数据通信网络传送到生产监控级计算机。生产监控级对来自过程控制级的数据进行集中操作管理，如各种优化计算、统计报表、故障诊断、显示报警等。随着计算机技术的发展，dcs可以按照需要与更高性能的计算机设备通过网络连接来实现更高级的集中管理功能，如计划调度、仓储管理、能源管理等。
结构
从结构上划分，dcs包括过程级、操作级和管理级。过程级主要由过程控制站、i/o单元和现场仪表组成，是系统控制功能的主要实施部分。操作级包括：操作员站和工程师站，完成系统的操作和组态。管理级主要是指工厂管理信息系统（mis系统），作为dcs更高层次的应用，目前国内纸行业应用到这一层的系统较少。
dcs的控制程序：dcs的控制决策是由过程控制站完成的，所以控制程序是由过程控制站执行的。
过程控制站的组成：
dcs的过程控制站是一个完整的计算机系统，主要由电源、cpu（中央处理器）、网络接口和i/o组成
i/o：控制系统需要建立信号的输入和输出通道，这就是i/o。dcs中的i/o一般是模块化的，一个i/o模块上有一个或多个i/o通道，用来连接传感器和执行器（调节阀）。
i/o单元：通常，一个过程控制站是有几个机架组成，每个机架可以摆放一定数量的模块。cpu所在的机架被称为cpu单元，同一个过程站中只能有一个cpu单元，其他只用来摆放i/o模块的机架就是i/o单元。
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